https://jer.znu.ac.ir/ Ethical Reflections en daily 1 Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_715349.html Although the Aristotelian text, particularly in VI NE, is not supportive, A way of interpreting the Aristotelian concept of phronesis in philosophical hermeneutics, especially in Gadamer’s philosophy, leads to describing a relationship between phronesis and aesthetics. While some parts of Aristotle’s corpus, including his theory of beauty, are lost, some evidence in his ethical texts probably explains the place of beauty in Aristotelian ethics. Analyzing Aristotelian original texts and their terminology refuses any probable evidence for engaging the Aristotelian concept of phronesis with aesthetics. However, the silence of the Aristotelian corpus about beauty and its connection to ethics allows us to consider the hermeneutical interpretation of phronesis as an authentic interpretation In the context of Aristotle. https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_735361.html Towards all humans, just in virtue of their mere humanity, we have a minimum of duties; e.g., the duty not to harm them. These are ‘general’ duties. Towards some people we also have ‘special’ duties because of the interactions (for example, a promise we have made to them) that have arisen between us and them but not between us and others. Both of these kinds of duty are grounded in general moral principles, with the difference that in the general principles that are related to special duties some interaction is included. Do we, in addition to the aforementioned kinds of duty, also have ‘duties of partiality’ toward those with whom we have ‘relations,’ duties that are grounded in the goods of the relations, not in general moral principles? This essay aims at defending an affirmative answer to this question; some of our duties to our children, parents, etc., are to them as our children, our parents, etc. The method of the essay is to investigate the elements and the structure of the reduction of duties of partiality to special duties, to critique an important arguement in its favour, and to defend the elements and the structure of nonreduction of duties of partiality to special duties and to put forward some arguements in its favour. Briefly, I have concluded that reducing duties of partiality is not plausible enough and, in contrast, nonreducing them is a view that at least not only deserves considering but also have sufficient plausibility. https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_735362.html This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of psychologically analyzing suspicion and comparing it with paranoid personality disorder in terms of overlap and differences in their symptomatology and treatment, has examined these two concepts in Islamic and psychological sources. In addition to explaining the concept of suspicion, it has also examined its most important factors and causes, symptoms and treatment methods of suspicion from the perspective of Islamic and psychological sources. The results show that suspicion in religious teachings includes a broader conceptual scope than paranoid personality disorder, and of course in psychology as well, although suspicion is analyzed as a mental and behavioral continuum and not only in the form of paranoid personality disorder; but paranoid personality disorder is only the extreme and extreme point of this continuum. In terms of symptomatology, suspicion and paranoia are almost the same in general and in their main basis, namely behaviors, thoughts, emotions arising from and resulting from suspicion and pessimism towards individuals; However, for each, other specific symptoms are also stated, and the paranoid symptomatology also refers to more details. In Islamic sources, cognitive causes, namely weakness in faith, lack of reason, ignorance, association with evil, and pollution and impurity of the soul, are mentioned for suspicion; while in the case of paranoid personality disorder, various causes are emphasized, including genetic causes, cognitive causes, including incompatible assumptions and cognitions, cultural causes, and psychodynamic causes .Regarding treatment methods, in each of the sources, specific cognitive and behavioral methods are described, in addition to the fact that drug treatments are also mentioned for the treatment of a paranoid person. https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_735363.html This research examines and critiques the ethics of technology from a posthumanist perspective. Posthumanism, as a theoretical framework, challenges traditional human-centered viewpoints and explores the evolving relationship between humans, technology, and ethics. The effort to overcome anthropocentrism and reject the moral superiority of humans is a fundamental characteristic of posthumanism. Posthumanist theories, by emphasizing the connections between humans and non-human entities, including technology, transform our thoughts on the ethics of technology. From a posthumanist viewpoint, we humans are not the only agents in the world; we exist within an intertwined world of human and non-human entities that influence our agency. This research highlights the ideas of Karen Barad, a pioneer of posthumanism, who argues that any research and production of technology constitutes a form of reality production and intervention in the configuration of the world, carrying ethical implications and responsibilities. https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_735364.html This study aimed to reinterpret and reexamine the notion of moral duty within the framework of the Islamic intellectual tradition in order to propose an integrative, context-sensitive, and practically oriented model for moral education. To this end, the three major schools of normative ethics—consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics—were critically and analytically examined, and their philosophical and practical limitations in explaining the complex and multicultural moral situations of the contemporary world were analyzed. The findings indicated that, despite their philosophical merits, none of these schools succeeded in offering a comprehensive framework for guiding the moral agent in diverse cultural and ethical contexts. Drawing upon the anthropological and epistemological foundations of Islam—particularly Allameh Tabataba’i’s theory of fitrah (innate human disposition)—ethics was interpreted not as a set of external obligations but as an inner, gradual, and identity-forming process. The research employed a transcendental–comparative analysis through which five foundational components of moral duty were identified: moral capability and realism, responsible will, stabilization of moral character, socio-cultural contextuality, and rational interaction among principles, consequences, and character. The results revealed that the three-stage process of Islamic self-cultivation (tazkiyah, tahdhib, and jihad al-akbar) could elevate moral duty from a merely formal obligation to an existential commitment. Accordingly, the proposed model, by integrating rationality, spirituality, and moral agency, opened a new horizon for the theoretical and pedagogical reconstruction of Islamic ethics and provided a framework for strengthening spiritual capital and nurturing a self-aware, responsible, and virtuous human being. https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_733585.html The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational climate, role clarity, and intention to leave the job on unethical decisions and auditor self- actualization. The research is purpose-based, applied, and descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study was Mashhad auditors, and a statistical sample of 384 auditors from audit firms of the Mashhad Certified Public Accountants Association was selected. Non-random sampling method was available. The instrument was a standard questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which have been confirmed. Structural equation modeling with SmartPLS3 software was used to analyze the data. The results of the study showed that organizational climate has a significant effect on auditor self-actualization and his unethical decisions. Role clarity has a significant effect on unethical decisions, but its effect on auditor self-actualization was not confirmed. Intention to leave the job has a significant effect on auditor self-actualization and his unethical decisions. https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_713172.html Gender discrimination in sports competitions means preventing women from competing with men. proponents and advers pleaded many arguments for the morality and non-morality of gender discrimination in sports competitions. The proponents argue the argument of justice in competition and the argument of sweet tension of uncertainty of the outcome on the morality of women competing with each other based on weight class in sports such as boxing and wrestling. According to the proponents, in order to establish justice and also to exist unpredictable the outcome of the competition, the competitions should be wreaked separately according to the division of the weight class of the sports. Based on this and due to the undeniable physical differences between women and men, gender discrimination in sports competitions is considered ethical, which in this article will examine and criticize these arguments.Keywords: Gender Discrimination, Sports Competition, Justice in Competition, Sweet Tension Uncertainty of Result, Weight Class. https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_713822.html The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of unethical behavior of Iraqi auditors on the relationship between organizational commitment, job satisfaction and religiosity with audit quality. This research was of applied purpose type and descriptive-correlational in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research is all the auditors of the audit institutions in Iraq, whose number is estimated to be 750 people, of which 256 people were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula. The sampling method in this research was non-random. The research tool was a standard questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed by using face and construct validity, and the reliability of the tool was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability. The statistical method of structural equation modeling and SmartPLS software were used to analyze the collected data. The results of the research showed that organizational commitment, job satisfaction and religiosity have a significant effect on the audit quality of auditors in Iraq. Also, the mediating role of unethical behaviors among the effects of professional commitment, job satisfaction and religiosity on the audit quality of Iraqi auditors was confirmed. https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_717869.html Corporate surveillance and data collection have become routine in primary, secondary, and higher education. In the United States, the Fourth Amendment is the basis of privacy laws that protect citizens against surveillance. However, businesses and governments circumvent this amendment and its associated privacy laws. Multinational corporations such as Ellucian and Anthology collect personal data through educational products such as Banner and Blackboard. Personal information under the purview of corporations includes data on religion, ethnicity, ideology, political activity, health, and sexual activity. In addition to providing a discussion of Ellucian’s data collection practices, this study discusses other businesses that trade in personal data — e.g., Google and YouTube — as well as a report on surveillance of schoolchildren published by Human Rights Watch. The purpose of this study is to shed light on corporate surveillance and data collection in schools and universities by analyzing and discussing material such as Ellucian’s privacy notice, the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, and the U.S. Supreme Court’s landmark decision, Carpenter v. United States. In addition, the political contexts of surveillance and censorship are considered. Among the findings are: (1) Surveillance and censorship work in unison; both rest on asymmetrical power relations; (2) Corporate executives and government officials have usurped the prerogative of educators; and (3) Educators are plagued by an inversion of values: the ability of students and teachers to communicate and share information is hindered by those who measure success in financial terms. Given these circumstances, educators and students are incapable of self-determination. https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_721455.html The doctrinal principles and practical branches are fundamental pillars of Islam, with the branches of religion playing a key role in shaping the lifestyle of Muslims. These concepts have been formulated by Islamic theologians and jurists, based on the primary sources of the religion, including the Qur'an, the Sunnah, and reason. However, the interpretive and contractual nature of this division raises fundamental questions: Has the categorization of the branches of religion, with a focus on acts of worship such as prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage, succeeded in bringing the lives of Muslims closer to the teachings of pure Qur'anic Islam and the tradition of Prophet Muhammad? Has the absence of ethical principles such as justice, honesty, fulfilling promises, and charity in the list of religious branches not had a negative impact on the lifestyle of Muslims? This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, addresses these questions. The findings suggest that the focus on acts of worship in determining the branches of religion has led to a worship-centered lifestyle for Muslims, while ethical principles, which hold a fundamental place in Qur'anic and narrational teachings, have been marginalized. This neglect has led to a weakening of ethical components in the lifestyle of Muslims and the emergence of ethical crises in Islamic societies. This study emphasizes the need to reconsider the list of religious branches and suggests that ethical principles be considered as part of the branches of religion in order to align the lifestyle of Shia Muslims more closely with the goals of the Qur'an and the tradition of the Prophet of Islam https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_725972.html One of the important matters that is determined during a divorce is custody. This matter is decided either by the agreement of the spouses in a consensual divorce or by the court's decision. Generally, in a consensual divorce, one of the main points of negotiation between the spouses is the custody of the child or children, and it may be used as a pretext for the spouses to agree on other matters. Believe in care theory of ethics in couples can turn this game of profit and loss into a human equation that provides the greatest amount of care for the parties and the child. In making a decision by the judicial authority, given the discretion of the matter and the need to consider the best interests of the child, the ethical approach of the examining judge can have a significant impact on the possible verdict issued. In this article, the impact of the ethics of care on the issue of child custody will be examined through a library review and a descriptive-analytical method. https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_732931.html Kant's critical philosophy is a coherent whole of theoretical and practical reason. Such a totality includes active and plural elements that connect the components of this totality to each other, in such a way that they finally meet in practical reason. In this sense, practical reason is the foundation of theoretical reason, in other words, free action encompasses the whole of this philosophy. To begin with, we consider theoretical reason. Experience in theoretical reason becomes possible in the field of phenomena and through causality, and connects The external, i.e., the external world, to The internal (understanding). But something has to mediate this link. Schema establishes such a link between the outside and the inside. In practical reason, the empirical world and the will are on both sides of this mediator. But the case is different from theoretical reason because freedom is a nominal thing that is represented in a different way from theoretical reason. So, a kind of representation is needed, different from causal representation. For this purpose, Kant chooses the type of the moral law for such a representation. model of moral law plays the same role as Schema in theoretical reason. Corresponding to this concept in Lacan's psychoanalysis is the concept of fantasy. Just as Schemah determines the coordinates of nature and will in theoretical and practical reason, fantasy also draws such coordinates in relation to desire. The type of the moral law in Kant, similar to fantasy, determines the coordinates of the subject's action, and this primary fantasy determines the subject's action. In this approach, the immortality of the soul and the existence of God act as a secondary fantasy. https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_732932.html Investigating the factors affecting the reduction of fear of intimacy in the workplace can play an effective role in the development of ethical relationships in the workplace, understanding this important research aiming at the relationship of moral privacy and fear of Intimacy with the mediating role of gender is done. The research method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population includes all primary school principals in Kermanshah, 167 people Managers were selected using stratified random sampling method for the study. To collect research data from two Standard questionnaires Respect for moral privacy Fear of intimacy was used. Research data were collected through Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple group analysis technique in structural modeling using Amos and SPSS statistical software were analyzed. The results showed that the relationship respect for moral privacy and fear of intimacy with the mediating role of gender is negative and significant. As a result, to reduce the fear of intimacy in the workplace, we can pay attention to moral privacy. https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_732936.html هدف از این مقاله رسیدن به فهمی از دلایلِ پاسخِ مثبت به این پرسش است که «آیا آموزش هر درسی به تربیت اخلاقی شاگردان خواهد انجامید؟». مسئله آن است که اگر کسی چنین ادعایی را پیش کشید چگونه می‌تواند آن را موجه یا معقول گرداند؟ این مقاله می‌کوشد تا به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، با نگاهی از منظر تاریخ فلسفه، به واکاوی اندیشه‌های پیترز، که از برجسته‌ترین فیلسوفان تحلیلیِ تربیتی سده بیستم بوده است، بپردازد و از لابه‌لای نوشته‌های او این ادعا را روا گردانده و دلایل وی در این باره درساختاری نو و منسجم به بحث بگذارد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که به باور پیترز، آموزشِ شایسته دانش‌های گوناگون، خرد شاگردان را شکوفا کرده و آنان را برخوردار از نگرش ناابزاری و توانمند در پرسندگی می‌گرداند. این دو، شاگردان را در رشد اخلاقی کمک خواهد کرد. نتیجه کار نشان می‌دهد که پیترز، در واقع، بر آن است که آموزگار/ استاد به‌گونه‌ای غیرمستقیم کار تربیت اخلاقی شاگردان را پیش می‌برد. ولی این ادعاها چالش‌هایی را فرارو دارد که مقاله می‌کوشد با بازاندیشی مبانی اندیشه پیترز آنها را پاسخ دهد. https://jer.znu.ac.ir/article_735508.html Reproduction is one of the most important and influential moral, social and legal issues in human societies, and its increase or decrease is the subject of conflict between supporters and opponents. In this research, the arguments of the opponents of reproduction have been analyzed from a moral point of view in an analytical-critical way. In this paper, we will criticize these reasons and their various aspects. As we know, the reluctance to have children has become a serious issue in human societies, because children naturally impose many psychological and economic restrictions and pressures on the family, which has caused an increase in childless families. In general, the reasons of the opponents of having children can be listed as follows: 1) the heavy responsibility of having children; 2) procreation, impairment, Illness; 3) The world is full of pain and suffering; 4) environmental hazards; and 5) overpopulations. Opponents of reproduction believe that for these reasons, reproducing and creating a new human being in a world full of poverty, suffering, disease and war is morally wrong. However, our critical review shows that none of these five types of reasons can prove the claim that people are morally required not to have children.