Ethical Reflections

Ethical Reflections

Gender Discrimination and Weight Class in Sports Competitions

Document Type : Review Article

Authors
1 M.A. in Ethics, Sedigheh Kobra Seminary, Sistan & Balochestan, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Moral Philosophy, Islamic Sciences and Culture Academy, Qom, Iran.
3 Ph.D. Student of philosophy and Theology of Qur'an and Hadith University of Qom.
Abstract
Gender discrimination in sports competitions means preventing women from competing with men. proponents and advers pleaded many arguments for the morality and non-morality of gender discrimination in sports competitions. The proponents argue the argument of justice in competition and the argument of sweet tension of uncertainty of the outcome on the morality of women competing with each other based on weight class in sports such as boxing and wrestling. According to the proponents, in order to establish justice and also to exist unpredictable the outcome of the competition, the competitions should be wreaked separately according to the division of the weight class of the sports. Based on this and due to the undeniable physical differences between women and men, gender discrimination in sports competitions is considered ethical, which in this article will examine and criticize these arguments.
Keywords: Gender Discrimination, Sports Competition, Justice in Competition, Sweet Tension Uncertainty of Result, Weight Class.
Keywords

Subjects


Article Title Persian

تبعیض جنسیتی و کلاس وزن در رقابت‌های ورزشی

Authors Persian

نیّره یوسفیان پور 1
علیرضا آل بویه 2
فاطمه جمشیدی 3
1 طلبه سطح رشته اخلاق و تربیت اسلامی و مدرس حوزه علمیه حضرت خدیجه کبری سلام الله علیها
2 استادیار پژوهشگاه علوم و فرهنگ اسلامی، قم، ایران
3 دانشجوی دکتری فلسفه و کلام (گرایش کلام امامیه) دانشگاه قرآن و حدیث قم.
Abstract Persian

تبعیض جنسیتی در رقابت‌های ورزشی به معنای جلوگیری از رقابت زنان با مردان است. موافقان و مخالفان برای اخلاقی بودن و نبودن تبعیض جنسیتی در رقابت‌های ورزشی استدلال‌های زیادی اقامه کرده‌اند. موافقان، استدلال عدالت در رقابت و استدلال تنش شیرین عدم قطعیت نتیجه را بر اخلاقی بودن رقابت زنان با یکدیگر براساس کلاس وزن در ورزش‌هایی از قبیل بوکس و کشتی اقامه می‌کنند. به اعتقاد موافقان برای برقراری عدالت و همچنین برای قابل پیش‌بینی نبودن نتیجه رقابت باید طبق تقسیم‌بندی کلاس وزنِ ورزش‌ها رقابت‌ها به صورت مجزا صورت گیرد. بر همین اساس و به دلیل تفاوت‌های فیزیکی غیرقابل انکار زنان با مردان، تبعیض جنسیتی در رقابت‌های ورزشی اخلاقی به شمار می‌آید که در این مقاله به بررسی و نقد این استدلال‌‌ها پرداخته خواهد شد.

Keywords Persian

تبعیض جنسیتی
رقابت ورزشی
عدالت در رقابت
تنش شیرین عدم قطعیت نتیجه
کلاس وزن
Ehsani, Mohammad & Shajia, Reza. (1392 SH). Kitabe Ethics in sport to philosophical approach. Tehran: Research institute of physical education and sport sciences.
Akhavan kazemi, Bahram. (1397 SH). A comparative approach to the concept of justice in the political philosophy of Plato and Aristotle. Legal studies.
Anvary, Hasan. (1382 SH). C2, Kitabe Sokhan feshordeh culture. Tehran: Speech.
Razaqy, Mohammad & Mehraby, Qasem. (1396 SH). Kitabe Ethics in sport (Concepts, challenges, solutions). Tehran: The call of the entrepreneur.
Rezayi, Ali. (1395 SH). In the way of promoting womens rights and practicing legal discrimination, Research paper on human rights, 2:6, 103-132.
Savary, Mostafa. (1392 SH). Exercise and psychological, social and physical effects on people. The Growth of Physical Education, 3, 96-98.
Alasvand, Fariba. (1390 SH). Kitabe Female in islam. Qom: Markaze Motaleat v tahqiqate Zanan and Markaze Nashre Hajar.
Karimi, Hamid. (1391 SH). Kitabe Female and male, Similarity, equality or proportion. Qom: Markaze Nashre Hajar.
Loland, Sigmond. (1388 SH). Kitabe Ethics and fair play in sport. Translated by: Salehzadeh and SHirmohammadzadeh, Tehran: Donyaye Harekat.
Mohammadi, Moslem. (1392 SH). Analysis of gender differences of male and female in empirical sciences and religious teachings. Journal scientific-Research humanity religious.
Moin, Mohammad. (1388 SH). Kitabe Moein culture. Tehran: Namen.
Mosazadeh, Ebrahim and Keikha, Saeid (1399 SH). Human dignity in Islam, the basis of the support strategy of positive discrimination in the rights of disabled; the model of desirable governance. Rahbord ejtemayi farhangi, 9: 34.
Burke, MIichael. (2010). »A Feminist Reconstruction of Liberal Rights and Sport«, Vol. 37, No. 1, PP: 11-28.
Foddy, Bennet & Savulescu, Julian. (2010). “Time to Re-evaluate Gender Segregation in Athletics?” group.bmj.com, Vol. 45, pp. 118-184.
Franchini, Emerson & Sterkowicz-Przybycien, Katarzyna & Yuri Takito, Monica. (2014). “Anthropometrical Profile of Judo Athletes: Comparative Analysis Between Weight Categories”. J. Morphol, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 36-42.
Gaëlle Schann, Anne. (2014). Gender Inequality in Sport in France. France: Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences.
Hargreaves and Anderson, J. (2014). Routledge handbook of sport, gender and sexuality. New Yourk: Routledge.
Harper, J. (2018). “Athletic gender”. Law & Contemp. Probs., Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 139-153.
Loland, Sigmund. (1999). “Justice and game advantage in sporting games”. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp: 165-183.
_______, (2002). Fair play in sport. USA and Canada: Routledge.
_______, (2014). “Justice in sport”. Routledge, sport, Ethics and Philosophy, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.78-95.
Matthews, Hayley, (2013), “Should Men and Women Compete Against Each Other in Sports? : A Critical Analysis of Mixed Competition”.
Manohar Deshpande, Vishwas; (2016). “Gender discrimination in sports”. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Healt.
Møller, Verner. (2010). The Ethics of Doping and Anti-Doping. USA and Canada: Routledge.
Pandey, Sandhya and Pandey, A. k, (2015). “Ayurvedic & Current Perspectives of Physical Exercise (Vyayama) in the Light of Health Benefits”. Indian Journal of Agricultural and Allied Sciences (A Refereed Research Journal), Vol. 1, No.1, pp. 80-87.
Pfister, Gertrud. (2011). “Gender equality and (elite) sport«. Strasbourg: Enlarged Partial Agreement on Sport (EPAS).
Pappalardo, Luca, Alessio Rossi, Michela Natilli, and Paolo Cintia. (2021). Explaining the Difference Between Men’s and Women’s Football, PLoS One, Vol. 16, No: 8, pp. 1-17, e0255407.
Ryall, Emily. (2015). “Good Games and Penalty Shoot-outs”. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, Vol. 9, No 2, pp. 205-213.
Smith, Malissa. A History of Women's Boxing. Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.
-----(2017).  “Is Women's Sport a Clear Case of Sexual Discrimination?” Philosopher’s Magazine, Vol. 76, pp. 29-34.
Shin, Patrick S. (2018). “Sex and Gender Segregation in Competitive Sport: Internal and External Normative Perspective”. Law and Contemporary Problems. Vol. 80, p. 47.
Tamburrini, Claudio & Tännsjö, Torbjörn, (2000). Values in Sport. London and New York: E & FN Spon, Taylor & Francis.
Wellard, Ian. (2007). Rethinking Gender and Youth Sport. New York: Routledge.
Young, David C. (2004). A Brief History of the Olympic Games. John Wiley & Sons, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
http://box-malard.ir.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/27/sports/olympics/carissa-moore-italo-ferreira-surfing-wins.html.
 

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 20 March 2024

  • Receive Date 16 April 2023
  • Revise Date 15 June 2023
  • Accept Date 31 December 2023